BCG Resources - Key Skills
OnBoard Articles
BCG’s newsletter OnBoard is published three times a year. It is distributed free to preliminary applicants, associates, and retired associates, and is available by subscription to others. Articles include news, skillbuilding, and access to unique source types.
The following select and non-inclusive columns are protected by copyright. Individuals may download and print copies for their personal study, and educators may provide copies to their students as long as BCG, OnBoard, and the appropriate author are credited as the source of the material. Republication elsewhere is not permitted.
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Karen Stanbary and the BCG DNA Committee, "The Truth About Pedigree Evaluation," OnBoard 28 (September 2022): 17–18.
Scott Wilds, "Portfolios in a Time of Limited Access," OnBoard 26 (May 2020): 2, 9–11.
Laurel T. Baty, "Avoiding Common Portfolio Pitfalls," OnBoard 24 (May 2018): 9–10, 15.
Gail Jackson Miller, "Finding the Truth in the Undocumented Story," OnBoard 23 (September 2017): 21–22.
Darcie Hind Posz, "Genealogy Standards Prevent Bias and Presentism," OnBoard 23 (May 2017): 13–15.
Alison Hare, "A Look at BCG's Evaluation System," OnBoard 23 (May 2017): 9–10, 15.
LaBrenda Garrett-Nelson, "Genealogy Ethics and the Call for Diversity," OnBoard 23 (January 2017): 5–7.
Melinda Daffin Henningfield, "The Role of Background Context in Document Analysis," OnBoard 23 (January 2017): 1–2.
Michael S. Ramage, "Standards and Forensic Genealogy," OnBoard 22 (September 2016): 17–18, 23.
Michael Grant Hait Jr., "Reporting Research in Progress," OnBoard 22 (May 2016): 13–14.
Laura Murphy DeGrazia, "Planning Effective Research," OnBoard 21 (September 2015): 17–18, 23.
Harold Henderson, "Anatomy of a Failure: What I Learned from My First Portfolio," OnBoard 21 (May 2015): 13.
Judy G. Russell, "The Ethics of DNA Testing," OnBoard 21 (January 2015): 1–2, 7.
Judy G. Russell, "DNA and the Reasonably Exhaustive Search," OnBoard 20 (January 2014): 1–2.
Stefani Evans, "Evidence Correlation," OnBoard 18 (September 2012): 21–23.
Stefani Evans, "Data Analysis," OnBoard 18 (May 2012): 13–14.
Thomas W. Jones, "Perils of Source Snobbery," OnBoard 18 (May 2012): 9–10, 15.
Michael S. Ramage, "A Primer on the Use of BCG Trademarks," OnBoard (May 2011): 9–10.
Thomas W. Jones, "Focused Versus Diffuse Research," OnBoard 17 (September 2011): 17–18.
Pamela Boyer Sayre, "Effective Writing and Editing," OnBoard 16 (September 2010): 21–22.
Thomas W. Jones, "The Genealogical Proof Standard: How Simple Can it Be?" OnBoard 16 (September 2010): 17–18, 20.
Barbara Vines Little, "It's Not That Hard to Write Proof Arguments," OnBoard 15 (September 2009): 20–23.
Laura Murphy DeGrazia, "Proof Arguments," OnBoard 15 (January 2009): 1–3.
Ann Carter Fleming, "Overlooked Resources: Business, Organizational, and Institutional Records," OnBoard 13 (September 2007): 22–23.
Patricia O'Brien Shawker, "Passport Applications: A Rich Genealogical Resource," OnBoard 13 (May 2007): 13, 15.
Barbara Vines Little, "Tax Lists: A Goldmine of Information," OnBoard 12 (September 2006): 17–18.
Charles S. Mason, Jr. "Before Death Certificates: Furniture Dealers and Cabinetmakers as Death Sources," OnBoard 12 (May 2006): 14–15.
Barbara J. Mathews, "Structural Elements of a Good Genealogy," OnBoard 12 (January 2006): 1–2.
Kay Haviland Freilich, "Background Information: An Overlooked Research Tool," OnBoard 11 (September 2005): 17–18.
Sandra MacLean Clunies, "Evaluating Web Resources," OnBoard 10 (May 2004): 12–13.
Amy Larner Giroux, "Date Calculations," OnBoard 9 (May 2003): 12–13.
Note: for a more technical treatment, see Barbara Levergood, “Calculating and Using Dates and Date Ranges,” NGSQ 102 (March 2014): 51–75.
Linda Woodward Geiger, "Using the Compilations of Others," OnBoard 7 (September 2001): 20–21.
Helen F. M. Leary, "Converting Records into Reliable Copies," OnBoard 5 (May 1999): 20.
Kay Haviland Freilich, "Polishing Our Everyday Writing," OnBoard 4 (September 1998): 24.
Elizabeth Shown Mills, "Good Genealogical Writing," OnBoard 4 (May 1998): 16.
Elizabeth Shown Mills, "Censuses—Often-Overlooked Basics," OnBoard 4 (January 1998): 8.
Helen F. M. Leary, "Evidence Revisited—DNA, POE, and GPS," OnBoard 4 (January 1998): 1–2, 5.
Elizabeth Shown Mills, "Analyzing and Reviewing Published Sources," OnBoard 3 (May 1997): 16.
Elizabeth Shown Mills, "Producing Quality Research Notes," OnBoard 3 (January 1997): 8.
Elizabeth Shown Mills, "Transcribing Source Materials," OnBoard 2 (January 1996): 8.
Elizabeth Shown Mills, "Citing Your Sources," OnBoard 1 (September 1995): 24.
Elizabeth Shown Mills, "Analyzing Wills for Useful Clues," OnBoard 1 (May 1995): 16.
Elizabeth Shown Mills, "Analyzing Deeds for Useful Clues," OnBoard 1 (January 1995): 8.
Ten-Minute Methodology
“Ten-Minute Methodology” is an occasional series published on BCG’s SpringBoard blog intended to educate and challenge BCG associates, aspirants, and the genealogical community at large.
> Proof Statements 1
Judy Kellar Fox, CG—The heart of all our genealogical work is determining identities and relationships and proving them. Proof statements are one means of presenting our genealogical conclusions. Not all statements, even if they are source-cited, are proof statements. Proof statements are special. All by themselves, individually, they can make a case for a conclusion and comply with the Genealogical Proof Standard. What? How does that happen? Let’s look at one of the standards.
> Proof Statements 2, Examples
Judy Kellar Fox, CG—Examples of proof statements in a genealogical summary and proof statements in a database.
> Proof Summaries and Arguments 1
Judy Kellar Fox, CG—We genealogists aim for accuracy in representing identities and relationships. We want to show why we believe people were who we say they were. We want to show that they really belonged with the folks we attach them to. We follow the Genealogical Proof Standard to ensure that our research is thorough, our sources well documented, our reasoning levelheaded, and our conflicts resolved. Then we write up our conclusions. Standards 51 through 54 in Genealogy Standards describe the qualities we aim for in writing our proofs for the public, for ourselves, and for posterity.
> Proof in a Narrative
Judy Kellar Fox, CG—Proofs don’t have to be complicated, and they don’t have to resolve conflicting evidence. They don’t have to include indirect evidence, either, even though it may be present and could be included to support an argument. Sometimes multiple pieces of direct evidence support a genealogical conclusion. They all answer the genealogy question directly. As promised in the last Ten-Minute Methodology post on proofs here is an example from a published work by Michael Hait, CG.
> Proof in a Footnote
Judy Kellar Fox, CG—A genealogical proof can be as simple and compact as a footnote. Yes! Believe it. From an example by Donn Devine, CG, FNGS.
> Identity Proof in a List
Judy Kellar Fox, CG—We’ve seen in earlier posts what genealogical proofs look like in a narrative and a footnote. A list, bulleted or numbered, is another effective way of presenting the proof that supports a conclusion. Proofs in list format are clean, concise, and easy to follow. All the data is assembled in one place, and the correlation is obvious. From an example by Harold Henderson, CG.
> Are You Searching or Researching?
Judy Kellar Fox, CG—Are you up to date? From the old Standards Manual to the new Genealogy Standards the first component of the Genealogical Proof Standard (GPS) is different. Have you noticed? We used to say, “We conduct a reasonably exhaustive search.” That’s still true, but there’s more. We conduct reasonably exhaustive research. Those two added letters bring much more to what others expect of us as genealogists and what we must expect of ourselves.
> What Is “Reasonably Exhaustive” Research?
Judy Kellar Fox, CG—Let’s look at the searching part of research. As in the last post on research, we’ll see that it’s more involved than just looking. Genealogy Standards offers this goal of reasonably exhaustive data-collection: “Genealogists attempt to collect all information potentially relevant to the questions they investigate.”[1] Got that? All information. All potentially relevant information. Potentially relevant to the questions under investigation.
> “Reasonably Exhaustive”—How Do We Know We’re There?
Judy Kellar Fox, CG—Evaluating what we’ve done. There comes a time when we have to stop researching. Sometimes it’s when we feel we’ve answered our research question. Sometimes we’re unsure, fearing we missed something. We can evaluate our research to see if it’s reasonably exhaustive by asking questions about its breadth and strength.
> When Index Is a “Dirty Word”
Judy Kellar Fox, CG—Genealogical work supported by indexes alone can be unreliable. What? What’s wrong with the Social Security Death Index (SSDI)? It comes from a reliable source. Other indexes are good, too! Why not use them and cite them as sources?
> Beyond the Index—or Not
Judy Kellar Fox, CG—When we know what we want, and we can’t get at it because of access restrictions or record loss or destruction, we are challenged to use our creativity and knowledge of sources to provide substitutes. When no substitutes surface after reasonably exhaustive research, we use the index as our best source. This is, however, a last resort.
> Documentation and the Research Report
Elizabeth Shown Mills, CG, CGL, FASG, FNGS, FUGA—It’s a fact of life. In a world governed by laws and standards, rules for one aspect of life often collide with rules for another. So it seems with the research report by which we genealogists chronicle each block of research we do. A research report has one basic goal: to provide written documentation of the research process we executed, the findings we developed, and the conclusions we reached. As a work product, a research report is expected to achieve an appropriate balance of both writing skills and documentation skills. Each of these two skills is governed by one fundamental concept.
> How to Ask Good Research Questions
Harold Henderson, CG—Genealogists are often confused. It comes with the territory. We can’t always avoid it, but we would prefer not to wallow in it. Have you ever had a conversation (with yourself or someone else) that began something like this made-up one?
> Numbering a Genealogy 1: Immigration
Judy Kellar Fox, CG—Meet the Walkers: William, Margaret, their children, and grandchildren. In several posts we will use this family to explore issues encountered when numbering a genealogy, one of the relationship-formatting options of Standard 65, Genealogical formats. This first post will show how to number the Walker family abroad and after immigration to the United States. Successive posts will show how to number adoptive children, those of unknown paternity, and children of successive spouses.
> Numbering a Genealogy 2: “Adoptive” Children
Judy Kellar Fox, CG—The Walker familyintroduced us to the basic numbering system of a descending genealogy in the last post. The family of William and Margaret (Lauderdale) Walker also offers examples that require more complex numbering.
> Numbering a Genealogy 3: Adoptions and Children of Multiple Marriages
Judy Kellar Fox, CG—The Walker family showed us how to accommodate numbering children born to unknown fathers in the second numbering post. Complexities continue in Generation Two with two types of informal adoption and children born to a descendant by two spouses.
> Numbering a Genealogy 4: Adoptions and Children of Multiple Partners
Judy Kellar Fox, CG—This post wraps up discussion of adoption and multiple partners.
> Numbering Adoptees in a Genealogy
Judy Kellar Fox, CG—Why are adoptees treated differently from biological children in numbering a genealogy? It’s a great question and deserves a reasoned answer. The response relies on background information in Numbering Your Genealogy.
BCG Webinars
BCG partners with Legacy Family Tree to produce instructional hour-long webinars by BCG associates. The webinars are free when first presented each month and for a limited time afterwards. For upcoming webinars, click here. For descriptions and links to recordings of past webinars from February 2024, click here. Access for earlier recordings can be found at the BCG Webinar Library at http://legacy.familytreewebinars.com/?aid=2619. Note: BCG receives a commission if a person registers for or buys a webinar using the affiliate link.
Many of these BCG webinars review the application of genealogy standards to research issues. Of particular interest to persons considering certification are:
Genealogical Work Samples
The following materials appear here as examples of genealogical work prepared by board-certified genealogists and, in many cases, published by peer-reviewed journals.
Each work sample appears here with the permission of the author, is copyrighted by the author, and may not be further reproduced elsewhere without the written consent of the author. Facsimile copies of published articles appear with the permission of the National Genealogical Society and the New York Genealogical & Biographical Society.
Note that no example is ever perfect in every respect. Moreover, every journal has its own style requirements reflecting its own traditions that may not comport entirely with the requirements of The BCG Application Guide. For these reasons, these samples are not models for portfolio submissions. In all portfolio submissions, the Application Guide controls.
Research Reports | Case Studies | Family Histories | Client Agreements
Research Reports
The following work samples are presented in chronological order, newest to oldest.
Green, Shannon, CG. "Alta Jane Durst's Father" (2021 DNA report sample)
Zinck, Jennifer, CG. "Parents of Clara Cowles of Suffield, Connecticut." (2020 new applicant portfolio)
Wayne, Debbie Parker, CG. "Who were the Parents of Minnie J., wife of Thomas Anderson...?" (2020 renewal portfolio)
Ball-Kilbourne, Gary, CG. "Calvin Research Report." (2018 new applicant portfolio)
Vidlak, Mary O'Brien, CG. John C. Follette research report. (2015 new applicant portfolio)
Mills, Elizabeth Shown, CG, CGL, FASG. “Samuel Witter (1787-1876) and the War of 1812.” (2012/2017)
Ruffner, Malissa, CG. “Pierre Lapouraille (m.1819).” (2012 new applicant portfolio)
Case Studies
The following work samples are presented in chronological order, newest to oldest.
Garrett-Nelson, LaBrenda, JD, LLM, CG, CGL. "Parents for Isaac Garrett of Laurens County, South Carolina: DNA Corroborates Oral Tradition." National Genealogical Society Quarterly 108 (June 2020): 85–112. NGSQ Award of Excellence, 2020.
Henningfield, Melinda, CG. "A Family for Mary (Jones) Hobbs Clark of Carroll County, Arkansas." National Genealogical Society Quarterly 107 (March 2019): 5–30. NGSQ Award of Excellence, 2019.
Peters, Nancy A., CG, CGL. “Hiram Cochran, Freedman of Abbeville County, South Carolina.” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 106 (September 2018): 165–180.
Russell, Judy G, JD, CG, CGL. “George Washington Cottrell of Texas: One Man or Two?” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 105 (September 2017): 165-179. NGSQ Award of Excellence 2017.
Hobbs, Patricia Lee, CG. “DNA Identifies a Father for Rachel, Wife of James Lee of Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania.” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 105 (March 2017):43–56.
Hoitink, Yvette, CG. “Griete Smit’s Parentage: Proof in the Absence of Vital Records.” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 104 (December 2016): 245-256.
Garrett-Nelson, LaBrenda, JD, LLM, CG, CGL. “Resolving a Modern Genealogical Problem: What was Rainey Nelson’s Birth Name?” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 104 (September 2016): 203–213.
Stanbary, Karen, CG. “Rafael Arriaga, a Mexican Father in Michigan: Autosomal DNA Helps Identify Paternity.” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 104 (June 2016): 85-98. NGSQ Award of Excellence 2016.
Baty, Laurel T., CG. “Aaron Strickland's North Carolina Origin.” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 104 (March 2016): 21–37.
Johnson, Melissa A., CG. “Mothers for Sophie (Kanetski) Howe of Scranton, Pennsylvania.” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 103 (June 2015): 105-113.
Jones, Thomas W., Ph.D., CG, CGL, FASG. “Too Few Sources to Solve a Family Mystery? Some Greenfields in Central and Western New York.” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 103 (June 2015): 85–103.
Lennon, Rachal Mills, CG, FASG. “Context and Comrades Illuminate a Silent Southerner: John Temple (1758–1838), Revolutionary War Pensioner.” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 103 (March 2015): 49–67. NGSQ Award of Excellence 2015.
Andrews, Jean Atkinson, CG. “Indirect Evidence for the Identity of Richard Andrews (1748-1824) of Stark County, Ohio.” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 103 (March 2015): 37–48.
Peterson, Allen R., CG, AG. “Dead Men Do Not Sell Timber: The Sinking of the Snow Owen and Captain Plato Denney's Two Deaths.” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 101 (September 2013): 175-188.
Mills, Elizabeth Shown, CG, CGL, FASG. “Which Marie Louise is ‘Mariotte’? Sorting Slaves of Common Names.” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 94 (September 2006): 183-204.
Family Histories
The following work samples are presented in chronological order, newest to oldest.
Hare, Alison, CG. "The Family of John Goldfinch and Sarah Honey: From Kent, England, to New Brunswick, Canada." (2019 renewal portfolio)
Hoyt, Sharon L., CG. “Her Sixth Matrimonial Venture: The Many Marriages of Ida May Chamberlain.” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 106 (September 2018): 217–238. Winner, NGS Family History Writing Contest 2017.
Tomlinson, Leslie Watson, CG. "The Rickmonds: A Railroad Family." (2018 new applicant portfolio)
Stallings, Faye Jenkins, CG. "Following the Umbilical Line from Rachael Vowles to Her Granddaughter Amanda Ann Norris." (2018 new applicant portfolio)
Henderson, Harold A., CG. “A Stitch In Time: Female Descendants of Polly Holmes (1805–1839) of Madison County.” New York Genealogical and Biographical Record 148 (2017): 173-190.
Wilds, Scott M., CG. “Three Generations: From West Africa to the Great Migration.” (Online publication, 2017 new applicant portfolio).
Graham, Paul K., CG, AG. “A Love Story Proved: The Life and Family of Laura Lavinia (Kelly) Combs of Atlanta and Augusta, Georgia.” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 101 (December 2013): 245-266. Winner, NGS Family History Writing Contest 2012.
Bittner, F. Warren, CG. “Without Land, Occupation, Rights, or Marriage Privilege: The Buttner Family from Bavaria to New York.” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 100 (September 2012): 165-187. Winner, NGS Family History Writing Contest 2011.
Client Agreements
A genealogist performing research for others is well-advised to have a written agreement for services. Moreover, the research report for another person submitted as part of a BCG portfolio must contain the permission of the person for whom the report was prepared. Sample agreements for these purposes -- to be used only as a springboard for analysis and discussion and not as a substitute for consulting with an attorney licensed to practice in the relevant jurisdictions -- may be found here:
Test Your Document Skills
Document Analysis Skills
Applicants for certification are sent a copy of an historical document that relates to the geographic areas and time periods in which they normally work. The document is chosen based on the research background the applicant specified on his or her Preliminary Application Form. Applicants are asked to undertake specific tasks set out in full in The BCG Application Guide.
This gives an applicant an opportunity to demonstrate the ability to read, transcribe and abstract handwritten records, analyze their contents, and design an efficient research plan for answering a research question based on clues found in a document.
You can test your transcription and abstracting skills by opening each of the documents provided here, preparing your own transcription and an abstract, and then comparing your work to the samples below.
• 1836 North Carolina Agreement
• 1836 North Carolina Agreement – Document
• 1836 North Carolina Agreement – Transcription
• 1836 North Carolina Agreement – Abstract
• 1864 South Carolina Will
• 1864 South Carolina Will – Document
• 1864 South Carolina Will – Transcription
• 1864 South Carolina Will – Abstract
• 1911 South Carolina Deed
• 1911 South Carolina Deed – Document
• 1911 South Carolina Deed – Transcription
• 1911 South Carolina Deed – Abstract